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These are revised histories of great ballets as published in a supplemental education newsletter for students and practitioners, or those interested in the history of the ballets-useful as a starting point.
Reposted from The Dancer’s Toolkit http://centeredstage.com
…it must be true.
I am a strong advocate for dancers developing more internal feedback based on what they feel rather than what they see in the mirror. (In part because a lot of dancers use the mirror as a crutch or enemy, rather than a tool…) It was wonderful to see the same sentiments in print from the master teacher himself (from the New York Times obituary published on August 18, 2013):
““Out of the feeling comes the form…Ninety percent of the time students are taught the form first. And then they’re expected, through some act of God, to get the feeling.”
Mr. Howard’s pedagogy, unorthodox in its day, entailed a kinesthetic approach, in which dancers were taught to rely less on external feedback from the mirror and more on the minute internal signals that telegraph the position of the head, limbs and torso in space.”
In a culture that…
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http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry8&Act=5&Scene=3&Scope=scene (Shakespeare, “Henry VIII,” act v, sc. 3)
http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/paradiselost/section11.rhtml (Milton, “Paradise Lost,” III, 495)
http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/hudibras-part-2-canto-i/ (Butler, “Hudibras,” part II, canto i)
(Late Latin limbus) a word of Teutonic derivation, meaning literally “hem” or “border,” as of a garment, or anything joined on (cf. Italian lembo or English limb).

In theological usage the name is applied to (a) the temporary place or state of the souls of the just who, although purified from sin, were excluded from the beatific vision until Christ’s triumphant ascension into Heaven (the “limbus patrum“); or (b) to the permanent place or state of those unbaptized children and others who, dying without grievous personal sin, are excluded from the beatific vision on account of original sin alone (the “limbus infantium” or “puerorum”).
In literary usage the name is sometimes applied in a wider and more general sense to any place or state of restraint, confinement, or exclusion, and is practically equivalent to “prison” (see, e.g., Milton, “Paradise Lost,” III, 495; Butler, “Hudibras,” part II, canto i, and other English classics). The not unnatural transition from the theological to the literary usage is exemplified in Shakespeare, “Henry VIII,” act v, sc. 3.
Blake‘s epic poem tells the story of Sir Hudibras, a knight errant who is described dramatically and with laudatory praise that is so thickly applied as to be absurd, and the conceited and arrogant person is visible beneath. He is praised for his knowledge of logic despite appearing stupid throughout, but it is his religious fervor which is mainly attacked. Blake undoubtedly drew from Don Quixote for his witty satire about a man who thought he knew too much and gets repeatedly beaten for his views and interfering with the rest of the world’s vices. Unlike Don Quixote, who is humorous and draws our sympathy, Hudibras gets none. It was very popular in its time (1700’s), but was not a beloved story, for it spurred no ballets. However, many stories and art are descended from it. It’s main argument stems from political views and religious theorists at the time, sometimes combined into one group, and the public found this pairing amusing and ludicrous. Some writers and reviewers of the times felt Blake was too hard on certain puritan factions, so it did not please those everyone important.
My purpose in dredging up these hyperbolic entrails is that they serve to explain and accentuate my point the about idiocy of ballet politics, dance politics overall, and some characters of the world in general. It also underlines the fact that the attitude held by some teachers of ballet (certain people are destined for success and others aren’t) is fascist and not particularly conducive to the making of good dancers or art, at all. These people hold that they are the judge of the times. This self-appointed “hell” that parents pay for their children to be entombed in is called a competition studio, and not a ballet or (art) studio where expression and all great art is derived. Were it not for imperfection, there would be no art, as true art is not necessarily perfect. This is history repeated though, and nothing new occurs. It is part of the reason why it is impossible to achieve art in a school for young dancers and in many cases in a ballet theater, and probably some companies. Mothers and fathers, wooing administrators with money and work, fund raising efforts, and their own strings-attached beneficence result in the many studios I know of, which have some good elements, running a muck. At least in a ballet company these souls are excluded for the most part and the business of art may take place-and in most good ballet schools as well as in other types of other schools. At the studio my daughter was recently at, the operator had her own unique ideas about the dancers, their abilities and what sort she advanced into new levels. Each year she would change the levels around to accommodate her future plans without consideration for the families involved and especially the children whom she was hurting. If a parent was paying for more children, they got more attention, moved up, more and better roles, etc. If they contributed large sums of cash, those students could be expected to get privates and a lot of pushing even if they weren’t very good dancers, had poor technique, bad habits, arrogance, etc. A very few children, literally one or two out of each level, received her full attention and she would work with them for years, giving privates and coaching, lead roles, until she managed to get them something. She wouldn’t even give corrections (strike one) in class (especially my daughter) except to her very favorite few and she manipulated the entire class to evoke harder attempts from these few by using the others as comparisons. It was a very backward method, resulting in those few getting all the attention, etc., while the others continued to pay for the scraps leftover-even dancers who were quite good!
My daughter has spent the last several months in limbo, from an effort by this director to get her to leave. Her others students resented my daughter due to the attention she was getting from her Russian teacher, who no doubt was rewarding her hard work and effort. She also had privates with him, and in under a year was up to and in some cases better than her classmates. After six more months and more privates, she was better than her very best dancers-so she prevented her from doing YAGP- a punishment (strike 2)! Also, the other female teachers there would not giver her privates for fear she would compete with their prize students. They all held this attitude that each student belonged to a teacher-only one. It just happened that we had the best one and they ALL resented this. He also had the hardest working students and some of the younger ones and boys did competitions and they won. His won. But my daughter was not allowed by her. I did not realize it was the director controlling him, telling him to help other students who were willing to pay more money-who had more money, but it was. She would come out and not allow him to give my daughter privates when she was waiting, instead directing him to take someone else first/instead (Strike 3). Prison. Confinement, or so this mistress hoped, and by these actions she expected my daughter to be discouraged and repeatedly kept back and slowed down (2nd chance). Finally, I realized what was going on and we finished out the year-end performance and left. I did not pay her the last two of 12 equal payments for the year. Would you?
She may now yet again have a fair opportunity to enter the beatific vision of ballet Heaven. A school where she can dance hopefully unencumbered by these people who believe they hold the carrot and the key to her success. If the key is money and not art, not teaching, not learning, and performing is not possible without patronage at so early a level of training, then art sits in confinement, and talent is imprisoned, learning is sanctioned, and futures are undeveloped. There is no chance of my daughter growing into a beautiful dancer there, for the environment is evil and the hatred and jealousy running beneath the surface permeate the spirit of the dance. It was important to her to make these other students feel superior to my daughter and certain other students in an effort to keep the money coming in. My daughter was incredulous to find that she had been demoted (LAST STRAW) to a level with dancers who were ungainly (also ridiculed by her and humiliated in front of everyone else as an example-not to be overweight (seriously, in a little local ballet school????-yes, she actually calls herself a dance educator), did not even bother or try to learn (who could blame them?), and who showed zero interest in ballet (no wonder!), and whose families were not financially important (bingo). My daughter was age-level and training level appropriate for the higher level, but was being highly encouraged to leave, I would say…. I do not want to say much about the girls who were promoted, the previous takes into account their possible faults (false self-confidence, and their parents stupidity) being ignored in favor of monetary support, so I need not impune them further-wouldn’t be nice. Over time, we were able to see that each parent of each of these children held some advantage over the director, was useful, or was paying at least for two children. But my daughter was to be made miserable, to be cast down, by the director of the studio, whose arrogance rivaled Hudibras’, as if to say, “no matter how hard you try, you can never be better than my worst higher-paying student. it is a hard lesson for a teenager to learn-to see someone so cruel, and I can assure you, she was one of the best dancers in the class upon leaving. She was convinced it was a mistake, a cruel joke played by one of the parents who sent out the certificates and promotions, but when I realized it and called, I was told the director would “re-evaluate her” after the summer. The summer program there is usually pretty good, but for two years we have been unable to afford it. However, when we come back, my daughter is still more advanced than others, because she works very hard and continues her privates with her Russian teacher-who refused to teach anyone else who asked. I knew there was no evaluation or training issue, as some of the other girls in class are well behind my daughter in all areas, but I knew it had to do with money and politics. A child does not usually understand this, but my daughter readily saw the reasons for it, so it was not very hard to dispense with. She refused to go back.
This Summer that would have resulted in our being pretty much cut-off from her Russian teacher, but that dependence needed to be discouraged anyway for some other reasons. After about two weeks of this, she began to be led dancing into different directions. There were an inordinate amount of accessible master classes in the area-I wonder who was teaching at the intensives! Her vision must be pure as her luck was good! God never closes a door….

This kind of imposed limbo by the director was averted by the number of available classes to take. Quickly, she perked up, finding plenty of support from other teachers. The other aspect of this is that she is the kind of able, ready and polite student that everyone else wants to teach. Once they see her seriousness and rapid improvement and other good qualities they usually (not always) help her, encourage her and eventually become attached to her. Each school she went to and auditioned for this Summer she was accepted to, and she was placed in a suitably advanced level in. In each master class, the teachers praised her and helped her. She wanted to go to New York and audition for SAB, and I almost doubted her. I thought perhaps she was trying to overcome those bad qualities projected onto her by that director and frankly, I was worried that she would not be accepted. She needed to erase the self-doubt that this woman had placed in her mind deliberately. The baby in limbo infantium, innocent of real sin or error, but far away from the beatific vision sought by dancers everywhere, but I was wrong to doubt her and she has a lot more mettle than I had anticipated (as usual). You’d think I’d learn and have more faith. She did it everywhere she went. She got better seemingly without even trying-she stepped up a level, a notch in her professionalism and self-confidence. The nervous, shy young girl is mostly gone, but in her place is a beautiful, confident young lady of just 15 years old who knows all of her hard work has not been in vain, shaking the dust off of the bottom of her feet as she goes. She was happy to see the girls there and was truly pleased that most of them were happy to see her when she went back for a few classes at the end of the Summer with her Russian teacher. She is convinced once again that she is happiest while dancing, more competition is better, and she was able, while at these other studios to compare herself to their best dancers and to see where she was in comparison. She found herself close to or better than their best, different, better in ways they were not, learning more and new things, getting new corrections and insights, different stretches and work, new combinations, and working just as hard, and getting much better, being more relaxed and open, despite a shorter schedule and fewer classes. She is finally working smarter! It is as though she finally sees in herself-herself and not a victim, but a fighter (the best kind) and a catalyst. She is a dancer!
Perhaps I did not make her appear chastised enough and down-trodden, from the perspective that those mothers felt sorry for her-some of those students felt sorry for her too. It did seem as though a very few of them actually took solace from this, feeling that they were better, but some others sought me out and were very kind and understanding. None of them felt we would come back, and the director sought her out in one class to dwell upon her expression and to watch her to see whether she had improved or not over the Summer, and to witness her unhappiness. But broken spirit was not what they beheld. She was better and improved! One teacher literally glared at me when she drove up. But enough of that. The good that came from the experience, for one, outweighed the bad. In fact, she won, for she has been accepted into a very exclusive school in a large city! I would like to blame them, but I am having to be thankful for all of their actions and roles played in this would-be tragedy, except for the indomitable will, spirit and grace of my child, who is a far better person than I have ever been or probably will ever be. She met Jacques D’Amboise and then took a nearly three-hour class with him, a lifelong memory and inspiration from someone whose heart has always been in the right place-I think this inspired her to go do the Fall auditions. She decided she was interested in Balanchine and Cecchetti and she was inspired to read and research, herself, where these opportunities lay.
We were prepared to enroll her in classes with another Russian teacher who wanted to train her, and we had enrolled her into public high school, when the unavoidable happened to thwart those plans. We have had mold in our house due to some repairs from several leaks that the landlord has not made over the past several months. She was finding it difficult to breathe and I moved her into the living-room to sleep over the Summer. She complained of stomach pain, nausea and headaches as well which caused me to confront the landlord and seek to force the repairs. I have been sick, but no one else in the house has been and I did not think it was due to the mold until she was affected. So at the end of August, awaiting repairs, I sent her to a big city with family. She was already inspired to take classes and do auditions. I set them up, we took photos provided by a good friend for free and they were beautiful to see! She was accepted to a school of some prestige, but most importantly with a very good program including all of the things those here lack, and an environment and philosophy which might work out perfectly for her, AND she was placed in the advanced level, second from the top-the top being an actual company-of company-ready level performers, which she is not yet (at 15, seriously-who really is? But advanced! I just hope she can handle all of what she is about to undertake. There will be quite a learning curve considering the deficiencies at the school she has been attending. At this school, the students do get placed into companies and have numerous opportunities to dance! The faculty is really amazing and it is reportedly “not so cutthroat” as some others schools. She will have classes six days per week and one or two with the company-level dancers. She will have pilates, character, yoga, pointe everyday, partnering, technique everyday, and variations. She will learn choreography, the students have choreography done on them for performances and workshops regularly, and there are many master classes, guest teachers, workshops, rehearsals and performances. It was like God just said, there. How can I say no? She (hopefully) can practice there, study and do her schoolwork. She has family there who also will support her and encourage her, but she will have to be a little more independent of me. No more limbo. You must keep on dancing!

Hummingbird
Not just how
it hung so still
in the quick of its wings,
all gem and temper
anchored in air;
not just the way
it moved from shelf
to shelf of air,
up down, here there,
without moving;
not just how it flicked
its tongue’s thread
through each butter-yellow
foxglove flower
for its fix of sugar;
not just the vest’s
electric emerald,
the scarf’s scarlet,
not just the fury
of its berry-sized heart,
but also how the bird
would soon be found
in a tree nearby,
quiet as moss at the end
of a bare branch,
wings closed around
its sweetening being,
and then how light
might touch its throat
and make it glow,
as if it were the tip
of a cigarette
smouldering
on the lip of a world,
whose face,
in the lake’s hush
and the stir of leaves,
might appear
for a moment
composed. ~ Mark Roper
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Identity Politics Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
The pithy phrase “identity politics” has come to signify too wide a variety of political theorizing of members of certain social groups, when it should be used to secure the political freedoms of us all. Division of groups by traits of its members: religious, ethnic, and the old stand-by, race, should be cautiously broached. Members of any constituency whom assert or reclaim ways of understanding their distinctiveness that challenge dominant oppressive characterizations, with the goal of greater self-determination should be lauded. When it comes to telling lies, in order to get people to unwittingly identify with you, people should be wary of those who seek to use any means possible for promotion rather than world good or the good of the group. What is good for one person, may be good for the group or it may not.
No, I am not talking about Misty Copeland in particular, but she is a good analogy, and there are many others who have a platform available to them to do many things due to their prominence. She is an astute woman in the vein of J Lo and we should not detract from her ability to use that for her own benefit and those groups she wishes to encourage-that is up to her. Jose Manuel Carreno has spawned a summer intensive in Florida, which plans to create a group of investors/individuals who are interested in Cuba by taking them there. YAGP has its own platform. Many other groups claim to have a mission to do something. I just think that they should do it, and not commingle the funds. I think not-for-profit groups should be very up-to-date and professional about their bookkeeping and plans, and keep us all informed. Otherwise they give legitimate enterprises a bad name. I am talking about something else.
The identity of dance, ballet, in particular. I am worried it is being made into a pop genre, and it is not. Personally, I have seen Misty Copeland dance, in person, and have stood face to face with her. She is tiny! She has a big persona, and she can use that for good and for bad. I do not think her video with Prince is good. I like Prince. I like Misty Copeland, but not together, and I do, in a way, see how they could be friends, have something in common, but I think she comes off looking like a sex symbol, because she has a beautiful body, is in a music video, and Prince is using her for that, as the epitome of his muse. Does anyone remember the Whitesnake video with Tawney Kittaen? The music, again in my opinion, was better, and Tawney might have been, too.
I look at the many ads and photos she has done, as able to be seen in Google images, and I know she is working hard, trying to prove herself and using this once in a lifetime opportunity to make an impact, money, and provide for her retirement. You do have to be somewhat careful in the scripts you choose. What are you trying to say? Are all of your points relevant? Are they truthful, logical? Contradictory? I do not think her dancing is as good as Marcelo Gomez’s is in the Paganini video clip. It worked with him, not with her. I did not say she failed, and it is hard for this stuff not to get around if it is public. Which is true? Are they all true? I said it doesn’t work. She cannot possibly be dancing when she is posing. That makes her as much of a model as it does a dancer. Is she a dancer or a model, or both? Where is the significance in that? Maybe its oversaturation. I am a rock music fan as well as a classical, and other, music fan. Misty seems less in his video, rather than more. She is more. A lot more. A Queen in the role of a engenue-at least not what I would have thought of as a groupie. Prince does not have the most remarkable history of upholding women’s integrity in his music videos, lifestyle or philosophies. Let’s just say I thought Misty was his equal, but perhaps it is just Prince that is the problem in this pairing. I mean afterall, his attorney did come up with the idea of using the “Artist formerly known as Prince, in order to avoid contractual restrictions and to allow him to continue performing.” CLever, but not Prince, his attorney.
I think Misty Copeland has a long way to go with her dancing before she is prima ballerina ssoluta-that’s all. She still has a long way to go with finding herself, with her dancing that is, and maybe with her pr as well. Sometimes her statements perhaps run afoul of her goals, verbally and pictorially. That can happen to us all in this day and age. I think she runs the risk of misinforming a whole generation of Misty-want-to-be’s about what ballet really is. What is it?
I think it is more like the case with the disabled. “Do not treat them like they are disabled”. You either want men to open the door for you, or you don’t. It’s not that black and white. Or is it? Are we still?I do fear, compartmentalizing a large powerful group, into smaller, less powerful ones that divide the vote. fans of ballet and fans of Misty Copeland, blacks, whites, cubans, gays, straights, men, women, whatever. We are all dancers; Ballet dancers in particular. Is it possible to use race in an arena where race is not the issue, talent is? The great black athletes of the world did not use the race card. They didn’t have to, and most of them were not half-white. With a mixed-race society, as our world is continually widening the reference of, aren’t race identity cards cliche-will they not be in the near future, completely? Misty is anxious to be the first black prima ballerina, a pr plug, but little else, because she is not completely black, so it is unreasonable to assume that that will be taken very seriously, unless there is something we do not know about. Likewise, she won’t be taken very seriously as a dancer if she is seen as a pr mongrel instead of a devoted student of classical ballet.
If she does not use that position to create a deep understanding of what classical dance is, the beauty of it, the art of it, not just the art of the body, posing, when dancing is the point, then she is just typifying dancers, and putting them into a pigeon-hole (even further) of being models, gays, skeletons, bunheads, a lower-than-average intelligence person who doesn’t really contribute to the world politically or economically. Ok, she must spend money, but it is sort of veering into a wanton, self-aggrandizing parade of cvichy photos about nothing really, but her. Shallow, but meant to be seen as intensely serious. Hype.
She is interesting, and though she tries to sublimate her late start, not recommending it for girls generally, because “she could just do things,” I have to say, despite that she must have worked very hard to become a dancer in many ways-so use that, remember that. To me, her background, her mother, her poverty, her age, are her main charms, not her background,color, or body-type. All of those things just add to what could be, but sadly, is not. It just seems that she has yet to strike her own style, depth or soul in her dancing, consistently. She inevitably has one, but it is not always apparent when she is dancing. She is just the girl who can’t say, “no.” She is possibly a new-kind of dancer: the thinking kind, the business woman-I almost expect to see her in a racy sitcom about two girls from well-off families who go noodling through America’s heartland looking for work on farms. She is hot, but what happened to her commitment to ballet-to art? She is smart enough to make her own way, create her own image, and she is trying very hard. If she is volleying for those roles, why not speak to the producers of the next Bond film? Who says dancers can’t be sex symbols?
But true classical ballerinas are dancers first and foremost. I am not convinced that Misty is really impassioned about dancing, as she is about the vehicle for other self-promotion. Not since Isadora Duncan or Pavlova, have we seen someone so photographed, even Margot Fonteyn did not hold this allure and she was much photographed-however, they were purely, and amazingly soulful dancers-artists. Margot Fonteyn also devoted her life in a sense to her paralyzed and philandering husband for which she should have received the Victoria Cross. Isadora Duncan supported her whole family and theirs. Pavlova was difficult, but an ambassador of ballet, and constantly seen dancing, beautifully.
So what if Misty doesn’t have that finesse, yet, but she isn’t really sending the message that she is. Her message doesn’t seem to have very much to do with classical ballet, and is somewhere between modern and ballet, but not quite. I cannot blame her for being greedy-I would be too. But it seems like she uses it to create her own platform, totally unrelated to dance. She is interesting to the media, but what is interesting to the media, may not be the best thing for the future of real ballet, or popular for very long. Sometimes less is more, like Leontyne Price, Geraldine Blunden, Judith Jamison, and the list goes on. They each devoted their lives to their art, first. Honorably. Because they did this, they did not have time to pose and do pr. Is Misty done with dance? Has she reached her pinnacle?
You have to make a choice. If she started a school, one in each state, for the training of young dancers, and used her persona to at least train others in a totally classical program, with emphasis on acting, acrobatics, real pure ballet training, paying for their medical bills, shoes and dancewear-in other words, put her money where her mouth is, I would be her biggest fan. Maybe she will one day, like Debbie Allen, but the time to do this, to use your power for good, is now. While you are hot, and while you can use your power within the current political administration. Better hurry up before the conservatives rush in. Create dance education reform, rip a page out of Jacques d’Ambois’s book-read. Reading is a good thing for celebrities to do-show people they read! Not just for people of color-we all are-but for male and female, American or non, young or old, but for dance-your savior! That is really where I think her strength lies. It is just that this is not the best, most productive and valuable use for her site. She needs to reappraise her best use.
SIR FREDERICK ASHTON was one of the chief creators of the lyrical, reserved style of English ballet classicism. The Lincoln Center Festival’s unparalleled Ashton Celebration, which opens on Tuesday at the Metropolitan Opera House, will suggest his range, his passion for his medium and his abiding humanity.
Over two weeks, four companies will perform 12 works, both familiar and seldom seen, that span 31 years. One troupe is the Royal Ballet, which Ashton helped to create. Another, the K-Ballet Company from Japan, will make its North American debut. The Birmingham Royal Ballet and Joffrey Ballet of Chicago, who complete the quartet, have made it a mission to preserve and perform Ashton’s ballets.
Ashton, who died in 1988 at the age of 83, fell in love with ballet in his early teens when he saw a performance by Anna Pavlova, whose exotic presence impressed him. An even greater inspiration was Marius Petipa, the 19th-century architect of what we know today as classical ballet.
Ashton told stories in his ballets, with humor and an intense empathy for the most unlikely characters. He could distill dance to its luminous, serene essence or fill the stage with complex, grand design. Here is a guide to five ballets to be performed at the festival.